Radicale/radicale/storage.py

# This file is part of Radicale Server - Calendar Server
# Copyright © 2014 Jean-Marc Martins
# Copyright © 2012-2016 Guillaume Ayoub
#
# This library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with Radicale.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

"""
Storage backends.

This module loads the storage backend, according to the storage configuration.

Default storage uses one folder per collection and one file per collection
entry.

"""

import errno
import json
import os
import posixpath
import shlex
import stat
import subprocess
import threading
import time
from contextlib import contextmanager
from hashlib import md5
from importlib import import_module
from itertools import groupby
from random import getrandbits
from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory, NamedTemporaryFile

import vobject


if os.name == "nt":
    import ctypes
    import ctypes.wintypes
    import msvcrt

    LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK = 2
    if ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p) == 4:
        ULONG_PTR = ctypes.c_uint32
    else:
        ULONG_PTR = ctypes.c_uint64

    class Overlapped(ctypes.Structure):
        _fields_ = [
            ("internal", ULONG_PTR),
            ("internal_high", ULONG_PTR),
            ("offset", ctypes.wintypes.DWORD),
            ("offset_high", ctypes.wintypes.DWORD),
            ("h_event", ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE)]

    lock_file_ex = ctypes.windll.kernel32.LockFileEx
    lock_file_ex.argtypes = [
        ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE,
        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,
        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,
        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,
        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,
        ctypes.POINTER(Overlapped)]
    lock_file_ex.restype = ctypes.wintypes.BOOL
    unlock_file_ex = ctypes.windll.kernel32.UnlockFileEx
    unlock_file_ex.argtypes = [
        ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE,
        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,
        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,
        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,
        ctypes.POINTER(Overlapped)]
    unlock_file_ex.restype = ctypes.wintypes.BOOL
elif os.name == "posix":
    import fcntl


def load(configuration, logger):
    """Load the storage manager chosen in configuration."""
    storage_type = configuration.get("storage", "type")
    if storage_type == "multifilesystem":
        collection_class = Collection
    else:
        collection_class = import_module(storage_type).Collection

    class CollectionCopy(collection_class):
        """Collection copy, avoids overriding the original class attributes."""
    CollectionCopy.configuration = configuration
    CollectionCopy.logger = logger
    return CollectionCopy


def get_etag(text):
    """Etag from collection or item.

    Encoded as quoted-string (see RFC 2616).

    """
    etag = md5()
    etag.update(text.encode("utf-8"))
    return '"%s"' % etag.hexdigest()


def get_uid(item):
    """UID value of an item if defined."""
    return hasattr(item, "uid") and item.uid.value


def sanitize_path(path):
    """Make path absolute with leading slash to prevent access to other data.

    Preserve a potential trailing slash.

    """
    trailing_slash = "/" if path.endswith("/") else ""
    path = posixpath.normpath(path)
    new_path = "/"
    for part in path.split("/"):
        if not is_safe_path_component(part):
            continue
        new_path = posixpath.join(new_path, part)
    trailing_slash = "" if new_path.endswith("/") else trailing_slash
    return new_path + trailing_slash


def is_safe_path_component(path):
    """Check if path is a single component of a path.

    Check that the path is safe to join too.

    """
    return path and "/" not in path and path not in (".", "..")


def is_safe_filesystem_path_component(path):
    """Check if path is a single component of a local and posix filesystem
       path.

    Check that the path is safe to join too.

    """
    return (
        path and not os.path.splitdrive(path)[0] and
        not os.path.split(path)[0] and path not in (os.curdir, os.pardir) and
        not path.startswith(".") and not path.endswith("~") and
        is_safe_path_component(path))


def path_to_filesystem(root, *paths):
    """Convert path to a local filesystem path relative to base_folder.

    `root` must be a secure filesystem path, it will be prepend to the path.

    Conversion of `paths` is done in a secure manner, or raises ``ValueError``.

    """
    paths = [sanitize_path(path).strip("/") for path in paths]
    safe_path = root
    for path in paths:
        if not path:
            continue
        for part in path.split("/"):
            if not is_safe_filesystem_path_component(part):
                raise UnsafePathError(part)
            safe_path = os.path.join(safe_path, part)
    return safe_path


class UnsafePathError(ValueError):
    def __init__(self, path):
        message = "Can't translate name safely to filesystem: %s" % path
        super().__init__(message)


class ComponentExistsError(ValueError):
    def __init__(self, path):
        message = "Component already exists: %s" % path
        super().__init__(message)


class ComponentNotFoundError(ValueError):
    def __init__(self, path):
        message = "Component doesn't exist: %s" % path
        super().__init__(message)


class Item:
    def __init__(self, collection, item, href, last_modified=None):
        self.collection = collection
        self.item = item
        self.href = href
        self.last_modified = last_modified

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        return getattr(self.item, attr)

    @property
    def etag(self):
        """Encoded as quoted-string (see RFC 2616)."""
        return get_etag(self.serialize())


class BaseCollection:

    # Overriden on copy by the "load" function
    configuration = None
    logger = None

    def __init__(self, path, principal=False):
        """Initialize the collection.

        ``path`` must be the normalized relative path of the collection, using
        the slash as the folder delimiter, with no leading nor trailing slash.

        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    @classmethod
    def discover(cls, path, depth="0"):
        """Discover a list of collections under the given ``path``.

        If ``depth`` is "0", only the actual object under ``path`` is
        returned.

        If ``depth`` is anything but "0", it is considered as "1" and direct
        children are included in the result.

        The ``path`` is relative.

        The root collection "/" must always exist.

        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    @classmethod
    def move(cls, item, to_collection, to_href):
        """Move an object.

        ``item`` is the item to move.

        ``to_collection`` is the target collection.

        ``to_href`` is the target name in ``to_collection``. An item with the
        same name might already exist.

        """
        if item.collection.path == to_collection.path and item.href == to_href:
            return
        if to_collection.has(to_href):
            to_collection.update(to_href, item.item)
        else:
            to_collection.upload(to_href, item.item)
        item.collection.delete(item.href)

    @property
    def etag(self):
        """Encoded as quoted-string (see RFC 2616)."""
        return get_etag(self.serialize())

    @classmethod
    def create_collection(cls, href, collection=None, props=None):
        """Create a collection.

        If the collection already exists and neither ``collection`` nor
        ``props`` are set, this method shouldn't do anything. Otherwise the
        existing collection must be replaced.

        ``collection`` is a list of vobject components.

        ``props`` are metadata values for the collection.

        ``props["tag"]`` is the type of collection (VCALENDAR or
        VADDRESSBOOK). If the key ``tag`` is missing, it is guessed from the
        collection.

        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def list(self):
        """List collection items."""
        raise NotImplementedError

    def get(self, href):
        """Fetch a single item."""
        raise NotImplementedError

    def get_multi(self, hrefs):
        """Fetch multiple items. Duplicate hrefs must be ignored.

        Functionally similar to ``get``, but might bring performance benefits
        on some storages when used cleverly.

        """
        for href in set(hrefs):
            yield self.get(href)

    def pre_filtered_list(self, filters):
        """List collection items with optional pre filtering.

        This could largely improve performance of reports depending on
        the filters and this implementation.
        This returns all event by default
        """
        return [self.get(href) for href in self.list()]

    def has(self, href):
        """Check if an item exists by its href.

        Functionally similar to ``get``, but might bring performance benefits
        on some storages when used cleverly.

        """
        return self.get(href) is not None

    def upload(self, href, vobject_item):
        """Upload a new or replace an existing item."""
        raise NotImplementedError

    def delete(self, href=None):
        """Delete an item.

        When ``href`` is ``None``, delete the collection.

        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def get_meta(self, key):
        """Get metadata value for collection."""
        raise NotImplementedError

    def set_meta(self, props):
        """Set metadata values for collection."""
        raise NotImplementedError

    @property
    def last_modified(self):
        """Get the HTTP-datetime of when the collection was modified."""
        raise NotImplementedError

    def serialize(self):
        """Get the unicode string representing the whole collection."""
        raise NotImplementedError

    @classmethod
    @contextmanager
    def acquire_lock(cls, mode, user=None):
        """Set a context manager to lock the whole storage.

        ``mode`` must either be "r" for shared access or "w" for exclusive
        access.

        ``user`` is the name of the logged in user or empty.

        """
        raise NotImplementedError


class Collection(BaseCollection):
    """Collection stored in several files per calendar."""

    def __init__(self, path, principal=False, folder=None):
        if not folder:
            folder = self._get_collection_root_folder()
        # Path should already be sanitized
        self.path = sanitize_path(path).strip("/")
        self.encoding = self.configuration.get("encoding", "stock")
        self._filesystem_path = path_to_filesystem(folder, self.path)
        self._props_path = os.path.join(
            self._filesystem_path, ".Radicale.props")
        split_path = self.path.split("/")
        self.owner = split_path[0] if len(split_path) > 1 else None
        self.is_principal = principal

    @classmethod
    def _get_collection_root_folder(cls):
        filesystem_folder = os.path.expanduser(
            cls.configuration.get("storage", "filesystem_folder"))
        return os.path.join(filesystem_folder, "collection-root")

    @contextmanager
    def _atomic_write(self, path, mode="w", newline=None):
        directory = os.path.dirname(path)
        tmp = NamedTemporaryFile(
            mode=mode, dir=directory, encoding=self.encoding,
            delete=False, prefix=".Radicale.tmp-", newline=newline)
        try:
            yield tmp
            if self.configuration.getboolean("storage", "fsync"):
                if os.name == "posix" and hasattr(fcntl, "F_FULLFSYNC"):
                    fcntl.fcntl(tmp.fileno(), fcntl.F_FULLFSYNC)
                else:
                    os.fsync(tmp.fileno())
            tmp.close()
            os.replace(tmp.name, path)
        except:
            tmp.close()
            os.remove(tmp.name)
            raise
        self._sync_directory(directory)

    @staticmethod
    def _find_available_file_name(exists_fn):
        # Prevent infinite loop
        for _ in range(10000):
            file_name = hex(getrandbits(32))[2:]
            if not exists_fn(file_name):
                return file_name
        raise FileExistsError(errno.EEXIST, "No usable file name found")

    @classmethod
    def _sync_directory(cls, path):
        """Sync directory to disk.

        This only works on POSIX and does nothing on other systems.

        """
        if not cls.configuration.getboolean("storage", "fsync"):
            return
        if os.name == "posix":
            fd = os.open(path, 0)
            try:
                if hasattr(fcntl, "F_FULLFSYNC"):
                    fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_FULLFSYNC)
                else:
                    os.fsync(fd)
            finally:
                os.close(fd)

    @classmethod
    def _makedirs_synced(cls, filesystem_path):
        """Recursively create a directory and its parents in a sync'ed way.

        This method acts silently when the folder already exists.

        """
        if os.path.isdir(filesystem_path):
            return
        parent_filesystem_path = os.path.dirname(filesystem_path)
        # Prevent infinite loop
        if filesystem_path != parent_filesystem_path:
            # Create parent dirs recursively
            cls._makedirs_synced(parent_filesystem_path)
        # Possible race!
        os.makedirs(filesystem_path, exist_ok=True)
        cls._sync_directory(parent_filesystem_path)

    @classmethod
    def discover(cls, path, depth="0"):
        if path is None:
            # Wrong URL
            return

        # Path should already be sanitized
        sane_path = sanitize_path(path).strip("/")
        attributes = sane_path.split("/")
        if not attributes[0]:
            attributes.pop()

        folder = cls._get_collection_root_folder()
        # Create the root collection
        cls._makedirs_synced(folder)
        try:
            filesystem_path = path_to_filesystem(folder, sane_path)
        except ValueError:
            # Path is unsafe
            return

        # Check if the path exists and if it leads to a collection or an item
        if not os.path.isdir(filesystem_path):
            if attributes and os.path.isfile(filesystem_path):
                href = attributes.pop()
            else:
                return
        else:
            href = None

        path = "/".join(attributes)
        principal = len(attributes) == 1
        collection = cls(path, principal)

        if href:
            yield collection.get(href)
            return

        yield collection

        if depth == "0":
            return

        for item in collection.list():
            yield collection.get(item)

        for href in os.listdir(filesystem_path):
            if not is_safe_filesystem_path_component(href):
                cls.logger.debug("Skipping collection: %s", href)
                continue
            child_filesystem_path = path_to_filesystem(filesystem_path, href)
            if os.path.isdir(child_filesystem_path):
                child_path = posixpath.join(path, href)
                child_principal = len(attributes) == 0
                yield cls(child_path, child_principal)

    @classmethod
    def create_collection(cls, href, collection=None, props=None):
        folder = cls._get_collection_root_folder()

        # Path should already be sanitized
        sane_path = sanitize_path(href).strip("/")
        attributes = sane_path.split("/")
        if not attributes[0]:
            attributes.pop()
        principal = len(attributes) == 1
        filesystem_path = path_to_filesystem(folder, sane_path)

        if not props:
            props = {}
        if not props.get("tag") and collection:
            props["tag"] = collection[0].name
        if not props:
            cls._makedirs_synced(filesystem_path)
            return cls(sane_path, principal=principal)

        parent_dir = os.path.dirname(filesystem_path)
        cls._makedirs_synced(parent_dir)

        # Create a temporary directory with an unsafe name
        with TemporaryDirectory(
                prefix=".Radicale.tmp-", dir=parent_dir) as tmp_dir:
            # The temporary directory itself can't be renamed
            tmp_filesystem_path = os.path.join(tmp_dir, "collection")
            os.makedirs(tmp_filesystem_path)
            self = cls("/", principal=principal, folder=tmp_filesystem_path)
            self.set_meta(props)

            if collection:
                if props.get("tag") == "VCALENDAR":
                    collection, = collection
                    items = []
                    for content in ("vevent", "vtodo", "vjournal"):
                        items.extend(
                            getattr(collection, "%s_list" % content, []))
                    items_by_uid = groupby(sorted(items, key=get_uid), get_uid)
                    vobject_items = {}
                    for uid, items in items_by_uid:
                        new_collection = vobject.iCalendar()
                        for item in items:
                            new_collection.add(item)
                        href = self._find_available_file_name(vobject_items.get)
                        vobject_items[href] = new_collection
                    self.upload_all_nonatomic(vobject_items)
                elif props.get("tag") == "VCARD":
                    vobject_items = {}
                    for card in collection:
                        href = self._find_available_file_name(vobject_items.get)
                        vobject_items[href] = card
                    self.upload_all_nonatomic(vobject_items)

            # This operation is not atomic on the filesystem level but it's
            # very unlikely that one rename operations succeeds while the
            # other fails or that only one gets written to disk.
            if os.path.exists(filesystem_path):
                os.rename(filesystem_path, os.path.join(tmp_dir, "delete"))
            os.rename(tmp_filesystem_path, filesystem_path)
            cls._sync_directory(parent_dir)

        return cls(sane_path, principal=principal)

    def upload_all_nonatomic(self, vobject_items):
        """Upload a new set of items.

        This takes a mapping of href and vobject items and
        uploads them nonatomic and without existence checks.

        """
        fs = []
        for href, item in vobject_items.items():
            path = path_to_filesystem(self._filesystem_path, href)
            fs.append(open(path, "w", encoding=self.encoding, newline=""))
            fs[-1].write(item.serialize())
        fsync_fn = lambda fd: None
        if self.configuration.getboolean("storage", "fsync"):
            if os.name == "posix" and hasattr(fcntl, "F_FULLFSYNC"):
                fsync_fn = lambda fd: fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_FULLFSYNC)
            else:
                fsync_fn = os.fsync
        # sync everything at once because it's slightly faster.
        for f in fs:
            fsync_fn(f.fileno())
            f.close()
        self._sync_directory(self._filesystem_path)

    @classmethod
    def move(cls, item, to_collection, to_href):
        os.replace(
            path_to_filesystem(item.collection._filesystem_path, item.href),
            path_to_filesystem(to_collection._filesystem_path, to_href))
        cls._sync_directory(to_collection._filesystem_path)
        if item.collection._filesystem_path != to_collection._filesystem_path:
            cls._sync_directory(item.collection._filesystem_path)

    def list(self):
        try:
            hrefs = os.listdir(self._filesystem_path)
        except IOError:
            return

        for href in hrefs:
            if not is_safe_filesystem_path_component(href):
                self.logger.debug("Skipping component: %s", href)
                continue
            path = os.path.join(self._filesystem_path, href)
            if os.path.isfile(path):
                yield href

    def get(self, href):
        if not href:
            return None
        href = href.strip("{}")
        if not is_safe_filesystem_path_component(href):
            self.logger.debug(
                "Can't translate name safely to filesystem: %s", href)
            return None
        path = path_to_filesystem(self._filesystem_path, href)
        if not os.path.isfile(path):
            return None
        with open(path, encoding=self.encoding, newline="") as fd:
            text = fd.read()
        last_modified = time.strftime(
            "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT",
            time.gmtime(os.path.getmtime(path)))
        return Item(self, vobject.readOne(text), href, last_modified)

    def has(self, href):
        return self.get(href) is not None

    def upload(self, href, vobject_item):
        if not is_safe_filesystem_path_component(href):
            raise UnsafePathError(href)
        path = path_to_filesystem(self._filesystem_path, href)
        item = Item(self, vobject_item, href)
        with self._atomic_write(path, newline="") as fd:
            fd.write(item.serialize())
        return item

    def delete(self, href=None):
        if href is None:
            # Delete the collection
            if os.path.isdir(self._filesystem_path):
                parent_dir = os.path.dirname(self._filesystem_path)
                try:
                    os.rmdir(self._filesystem_path)
                except OSError:
                    with TemporaryDirectory(
                            prefix=".Radicale.tmp-", dir=parent_dir) as tmp:
                        os.rename(self._filesystem_path, os.path.join(
                            tmp, os.path.basename(self._filesystem_path)))
                        self._sync_directory(parent_dir)
                else:
                    self._sync_directory(parent_dir)
        else:
            # Delete an item
            if not is_safe_filesystem_path_component(href):
                raise UnsafePathError(href)
            path = path_to_filesystem(self._filesystem_path, href)
            if not os.path.isfile(path):
                raise ComponentNotFoundError(href)
            os.remove(path)
            self._sync_directory(os.path.dirname(path))

    def get_meta(self, key):
        if os.path.exists(self._props_path):
            with open(self._props_path, encoding=self.encoding) as prop:
                return json.load(prop).get(key)

    def set_meta(self, props):
        if os.path.exists(self._props_path):
            with open(self._props_path, encoding=self.encoding) as prop:
                old_props = json.load(prop)
                old_props.update(props)
                props = old_props
        props = {key: value for key, value in props.items() if value}
        with self._atomic_write(self._props_path, "w+") as prop:
            json.dump(props, prop)

    @property
    def last_modified(self):
        last = max([os.path.getmtime(self._filesystem_path)] + [
            os.path.getmtime(os.path.join(self._filesystem_path, filename))
            for filename in os.listdir(self._filesystem_path)] or [0])
        return time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", time.gmtime(last))

    def serialize(self):
        if not os.path.exists(self._filesystem_path):
            return None
        items = []
        for href in os.listdir(self._filesystem_path):
            if not is_safe_filesystem_path_component(href):
                self.logger.debug("Skipping component: %s", href)
                continue
            path = os.path.join(self._filesystem_path, href)
            if os.path.isfile(path):
                with open(path, encoding=self.encoding, newline="") as fd:
                    items.append(vobject.readOne(fd.read()))
        if self.get_meta("tag") == "VCALENDAR":
            collection = vobject.iCalendar()
            for item in items:
                for content in ("vevent", "vtodo", "vjournal"):
                    if content in item.contents:
                        for item_part in getattr(item, "%s_list" % content):
                            collection.add(item_part)
                        break
            return collection.serialize()
        elif self.get_meta("tag") == "VADDRESSBOOK":
            return "".join([item.serialize() for item in items])
        return ""

    _lock = threading.Lock()
    _waiters = []
    _lock_file = None
    _lock_file_locked = False
    _readers = 0
    _writer = False

    @classmethod
    @contextmanager
    def acquire_lock(cls, mode, user=None):
        def condition():
            if mode == "r":
                return not cls._writer
            else:
                return not cls._writer and cls._readers == 0

        folder = os.path.expanduser(cls.configuration.get(
            "storage", "filesystem_folder"))
        # Use a primitive lock which only works within one process as a
        # precondition for inter-process file-based locking
        with cls._lock:
            if cls._waiters or not condition():
                # Use FIFO for access requests
                waiter = threading.Condition(lock=cls._lock)
                cls._waiters.append(waiter)
                while True:
                    waiter.wait()
                    if condition():
                        break
                cls._waiters.pop(0)
            if mode == "r":
                cls._readers += 1
                # Notify additional potential readers
                if cls._waiters:
                    cls._waiters[0].notify()
            else:
                cls._writer = True
            if not cls._lock_file:
                cls._makedirs_synced(folder)
                lock_path = os.path.join(folder, ".Radicale.lock")
                cls._lock_file = open(lock_path, "w+")
                # Set access rights to a necessary minimum to prevent locking
                # by arbitrary users
                try:
                    os.chmod(lock_path, stat.S_IWUSR | stat.S_IRUSR)
                except OSError:
                    cls.logger.debug("Failed to set permissions on lock file")
            if not cls._lock_file_locked:
                if os.name == "nt":
                    handle = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(cls._lock_file.fileno())
                    flags = LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK if mode == "w" else 0
                    overlapped = Overlapped()
                    if not lock_file_ex(handle, flags, 0, 1, 0, overlapped):
                        cls.logger.debug("Locking not supported")
                elif os.name == "posix":
                    _cmd = fcntl.LOCK_EX if mode == "w" else fcntl.LOCK_SH
                    try:
                        fcntl.flock(cls._lock_file.fileno(), _cmd)
                    except OSError:
                        cls.logger.debug("Locking not supported")
                cls._lock_file_locked = True
        try:
            yield
            # execute hook
            hook = cls.configuration.get("storage", "hook")
            if mode == "w" and hook:
                cls.logger.debug("Running hook")
                subprocess.check_call(
                    hook % {"user": shlex.quote(user or "Anonymous")},
                    shell=True, cwd=folder)
        finally:
            with cls._lock:
                if mode == "r":
                    cls._readers -= 1
                else:
                    cls._writer = False
                if cls._readers == 0:
                    if os.name == "nt":
                        handle = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(cls._lock_file.fileno())
                        overlapped = Overlapped()
                        if not unlock_file_ex(handle, 0, 1, 0, overlapped):
                            cls.logger.debug("Unlocking not supported")
                    elif os.name == "posix":
                        try:
                            fcntl.flock(cls._lock_file.fileno(), fcntl.LOCK_UN)
                        except OSError:
                            cls.logger.debug("Unlocking not supported")
                    cls._lock_file_locked = False
                if cls._waiters:
                    cls._waiters[0].notify()
                if (cls.configuration.getboolean("storage", "close_lock_file")
                        and cls._readers == 0 and not cls._waiters):
                    cls._lock_file.close()
                    cls._lock_file = None